Products

  • 303 Stainless simbi ndiro 303 Stainless simbi coil ndiro

    303 Stainless simbi ndiro 303 Stainless simbi coil ndiro

    Iyo Surface finish 303 ndeye yemahara yekucheka simbi isina simbi ine sarufa uye selenium, zvichiteerana, zvekushandisa uko kuchekwa kwemahara kunodiwa uye Surface kupera kwakakwira.303 simbi isina tsvina inovandudza kucheka mashandiro uye yakakwirira tembiricha bond kuramba.Yakanyanya kukodzera kune otomatiki lathes, mabhaudhi uye nzungu.
  • 201 Stainless Steel Plate 201 Stainless simbi coil ndiro

    201 Stainless Steel Plate 201 Stainless simbi coil ndiro

    201 simbi isina tsvina ine, kupukuta isina mabubbles, isina pinhole uye humwe hunhu, ndiko kugadzirwa kweakasiyana kesi, bhendi rezasi rinovhara zvemhando yepamusoro zvinhu.

  • S630 Stainless simbi ndiro

    S630 Stainless simbi ndiro

    Stainless simbi ndiro ine yakatsetseka pamusoro, yakakwira plastiki, kuoma uye kusimba kwemagetsi, uye inoshingirira mukuora kweasidhi, alkaline gasi, mhinduro uye mamwe midhiya.Imhando yesimbi yealloy isiri nyore kuita ngura, asi haina ngura zvachose.Stainless simbi ndiro inoreva ndiro yesimbi inoshingirira nekuora kwemidziyo isina simba semhepo, chiutsi nemvura, nepo acid isingaite simbi ndiro ichireva ndiro yesimbi inoshingirira nekuora kwemakemikari etching media senge acid, alkali nemunyu.Stainless simbi ndiro ine nhoroondo yemakore anopfuura zana kubva payakabuda mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.

  • 430 Stainless simbi ndiro 430 Stainless simbi coil

    430 Stainless simbi ndiro 430 Stainless simbi coil

    Stainless simbi ndiro ine yakatsetseka pamusoro, yakakwira plastiki, kuoma uye kusimba kwemagetsi, uye inoshingirira mukuora kweasidhi, alkaline gasi, mhinduro uye mamwe midhiya.Imhando yesimbi yealloy isiri nyore kuita ngura, asi haina ngura zvachose.Stainless simbi ndiro inoreva ndiro yesimbi inoshingirira nekuora kwemidziyo isina simba semhepo, chiutsi nemvura, nepo acid isingaite simbi ndiro ichireva ndiro yesimbi inoshingirira nekuora kwemakemikari etching media senge acid, alkali nemunyu.Stainless simbi ndiro ine nhoroondo yemakore anopfuura zana kubva payakabuda mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.

  • 42crmo Seamless simbi pombi

    42crmo Seamless simbi pombi

    Production specification:

    Kunze dhayamita yesimbi pombi 20-426

    Simbi pombi rusvingo ukobvu 20-426

    Product sumo:

    Chinangwa che42crmo seamless simbi pombi: simbi yakakosha yebhiriji "42crmo", simbi yakakosha yegirder yemotokari "42CRmo", simbi yakakosha yekumanikidza ngarava "42Crmo".Iyi mhando yesimbi ndeyekuvimba nekugadziriswa kwekabhoni (C) zvirimo kuti ivandudze michina yesimbi, saka, zvinoenderana nekabhoni yekumusoro uye yakaderera, iyi mhando yesimbi inogona kukamurwa kuita: yakaderera kabhoni simbi - kabhoni. zvemukati kazhinji zvisingasviki 0.25%, senge 10, 20 simbi, nezvimwewo;Medium carbon steel - carbon content inowanzova pakati pe0.25 ~ 0.60%, yakadai se35, 45 simbi, etc. High carbon steel - carbon content inowanzopfuura 0.60%.Simbi yakadaro haiwanzoshandiswa kugadzira mapaipi esimbi.

    Process specification:

    Kupisa kushanda yakatarwa

    Kupisa kwekushisa 1150 ~ 1200 ° C, kutanga kwekushisa 1130 ~ 1180 ° C, kupera kwekushisa> 850 ° C, φ> 50mm, kunonoka kutonhora.

    Normalizing specification

    Normalizing tembiricha 850 ~ 900 ° C, kunze muchoto mhepo inotonhora.

    High tembiricha tempering specification

    Kupisa tembiricha 680 ~ 700°C, kunze kwemhepo yeovheni inotonhora.

    Tsanangudzo yekudzima uye kupisa

    Preheating tembiricha 680 ~ 700 ° C, kudzima tembiricha 840 ~ 880 ° C, mafuta kutonhora, tempering tembiricha 580 ° C, kutonhora kwemvura kana kutonhora kwemafuta, kuoma ≤217HBW.

    Tsanangudzo yekuomesa uye kuomesa pasi - kudzimisa tembiricha

    Kudzima tembiricha 900°C, kupisa tembiricha 560°C, kuoma (37±1) HRC

    Tsanangudzo yekuomesa induction uye kupisa

    Kudzima tembiricha 900°C, tempering tembiricha 150~180°C, kuoma 54 ~60HRC.

  • 45# Seamless Simbi pombi

    45# Seamless Simbi pombi

    Production specification:

    Kunze dhayamita yesimbi pombi 20-426

    Simbi pombi rusvingo ukobvu 20-426

    Product sumo:

    Iyo mbishi yekutenderedza isina musono chubhu ndeye yakatenderedza chubhu billet, yakatenderedza chubhu embryo inochekwa uye inogadziriswa nemuchina wekucheka nekukura kwemamita 1 isina chinhu, uye inotumirwa kuchoto nekudziya kwebhandi rekutakura.Iyo billet inoiswa muchoto uye inopisa kusvika ku1200 degrees Celsius.Iyo mafuta ndeye hydrogen kana acetylene.Kudzora tembiricha muchoto ndiro dambudziko guru.Mushure mekunge iyo round tube billet yabuda, inoputirwa nekumanikidza punch.Kazhinji, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa perforator ndiyo conical roll perforator.Rudzi urwu rweperforator rune hunyanzvi hwekugadzira, kunaka kwechigadzirwa, hombe perforating dhayamita uye inogona kupfeka akasiyana simbi.Mushure mekuputika, iyo denderedzwa chubhu billet inotenderedzwa zvakatevedzana nematatu akakwirira diagonal, inoenderera ichikunguruka kana extrusion.Mushure me extrusion, pombi inofanira kubviswa kuti isangwe.Iyo caliper inotenderera ichipinda musimbi embryo kuburikidza nechibooreso checonical chirikumhanya kwazvo kubaya maburi uye kugadzira mapaipi esimbi.Iyo dhayamita yemukati yepombi yesimbi inotarirwa nekunze kwedhayamita kureba kweiyo caliper drill bit.Mushure mekuyera pombi yesimbi, inopinda mushongwe yekutonhora uye inotonhodzwa nekumwaya mvura.Mushure mekutonhodza pombi yesimbi, ichagadziriswa.Mushure mekutwasanuka, pombi yesimbi inotumirwa nebhandi rekutakura kune simbi yekuongorora muchina (kana hydraulic test) kuti iongororwe mukati.Kana pane kuputika, mabhuru uye mamwe matambudziko mukati mepombi yesimbi, ichaonekwa.Simbi pombi yemhando yekuongorora mushure mekuomarara kusarudzwa kwemaoko.Mushure mekunge pombi yesimbi yaongororwa, nhamba, yakatarwa uye nhamba yekugadzira yakawanda inopfapfaidzwa nependi.Nepa crane mudura.

  • 40cr isina musono simbi pombi

    40cr isina musono simbi pombi

    Production specification:

    Kunze dhayamita yesimbi pombi 20-426

    Simbi pombi rusvingo ukobvu 20-426

    Simbi pombi standard:

    Maererano mureza GB/T 3077-2008: kemikari kuumbwa (misa chidimbu, %) C 0.37~0.44, Si 0.17~0.37, Mn 0.50 ~ 0.80, Cr0.80 ~ 1.10, Ni≤0.30.【 Mechanical properties 】

    Saizi isina chinhu (mm): 25

    Kurapa kupisa:

    Kutanga kudzima tembiricha yekudziya (℃): 850;Inotonhorera: Mafuta

    Chechipiri kudzima tembiricha yekudziya (℃): -

    Kupisa kupisa tembiricha (℃): 520;Inotonhorera: mvura, mafuta

    Kusimba kwesimba (σb/MPa): ≧980

    Goho (σs/MPa) : ≧785

    Kureba mushure mekutyoka (δ5/%) : ≧9

    Kuderedza chiyero chemuchinjikwa-chikamu (ψ/%) : ≧45

    Impact absorption basa (Aku2/J): ≧47

    Brinell kuoma (HBS100/3000) (anealing kana yakakwirira-tembiricha mamiriro ekupisa): ≦207

  • 20 # Seamless simbi pombi

    20 # Seamless simbi pombi

    Production specification:

    Kunze dhayamita yesimbi pombi 20-426

    Simbi pombi rusvingo ukobvu 20-426

    20# seamless simbi pombi inogadzirwa 20# simbi, ine simba rakakwirira zvishoma pane 15#, kashoma kudzimwa uye hapana kushatirwa brittleness.Cold deformation plasticity yakakwira, kazhinji yekukotama, calendering, kukotama uye nyundo arch processing, welding performance yearc welding uye contact welding yakanaka, gasi welding ukobvu idiki, chimiro chezvinodiwa zvakasimba kana chimiro chakaomarara chebasa chiri nyore kutsemuka. .Machinability kutonhora kudhirowa kana normalizing mamiriro ari nani pane annealing state, inowanzo shandiswa kugadzira kushoma kushushikana uye yakanyanya kuomarara zvinodiwa zveiyo workpiece.

    Izvo zvinhu zve20 # isina musono simbi pombi ndeiyi: yakakwira mhando kabhoni yakarongeka simbi

    Nhamba yechiratidzo: 20 #

    Standard: GB8162-2018

    GB/T8163-2018

    GB3087-2008

    GB9948-2013

    GB5310-2017

  • Stainless simbi yekushongedza simbi pombi

    Stainless simbi yekushongedza simbi pombi

    Stainless simbi yekushongedza pombi inonziwo Stainless steel welded simbi pombi, iyo inonzi welded pipe kwenguva pfupi.Kazhinji, simbi kana simbi tambo inosungirirwa mupombi yesimbi mushure mekudzvanywa uye kuumbwa neyuniti uye mold.Iyo nzira yekugadzira welded simbi pombi iri nyore, kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwakakwira, kune akawanda marudzi uye zvakatemwa, uye mutengo wemidziyo idiki, asi simba rakawanda rakaderera pane iro resimbi isina musono pombi.

     

    Kune marudzi mazhinji emapombi esimbi isina tsvina, asi anonyanya kushandiswa kune zvinotevera zvinangwa:

    1,Kurongeka kwepombi dzesimbi isina tsvina

    1. Kurongwa nenzira yekugadzira:

    (1) Pombi isina musono - pombi inodhonzwa inotonhora, pombi yakawedzera, pombi inokungurutswa.

    (2) Welded pombi:

    (a) Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzirisa - gasi yakadzivirirwa welding pombi, arc welding pombi, kuramba welding pombi (yakakwira frequency, yakaderera frequency).

    (b) Yakakamurwa kuita yakatwasuka welded pombi uye spiral welded pombi zvinoenderana neweld.

    2. Kurongeka maererano nechimiro chechikamu: (1) pombi yesimbi yakapoteredza;(2) Rectangular chubhu.

    3. Kupatsanurwa nemadziro ukobvu - nhete yemadziro simbi pombi, gobvu madziro simbi pombi

    4. Yakakamurwa nekushandiswa: (1) Mapombi ehurumende akakamurwa kuita mapaipi akatenderera, mapaipi ane rectangular uye mapaipi emaruva, ayo anowanzo shandiswa kushongedza, kuvaka, chimiro, nezvimwe;

    (2) Pombi yeindasitiri: pombi yesimbi yepombi yemaindasitiri, pombi yesimbi yepombi yakajairika (pombi yemvura yekunwa), dhizaini chimiro / pombi yekutakura mvura, pombi yekupisa yekupisa, pombi yehutsanana yechikafu, nezvimwewo Inowanzoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzeindasitiri. , senge petrochemical, bepa, simba renyukireya, chikafu, chinwiwa, mushonga uye mamwe maindasitiri ane zvakakwirira zvinodiwa zvemvura yepakati.

    2,Seamless simbi pombi

    Stainless simbi isina musono pombi imhando yesimbi refu ine mhango chikamu uye isina majoini akatenderedza.

    1. Kugadzira maitiro uye kuyerera kwepaipi isina musono simbi:

    Kunyunguduka>ingot>kukunguruka kwesimbi>kuchekesa>kupeeura>kubaya>annealing>kunhonga>kusimudza madota>kutonhora kudhirowa>kutema musoro>kunhonga>kuchengeta

    2. Zvimiro zvesimbi isina musono pombi:

    Hazvina kuoma kuona kubva pamusoro pekuita kuyerera: kutanga, iyo yakakura madziro emadziro echigadzirwa, iyo inowedzera hupfumi uye inoshanda.Iyo yakaonda iyo madziro ukobvu, iyo yakakwira mutengo wekugadzirisa uchave;Chechipiri, maitirwo echigadzirwa anosarudza zvaasingakwanisi.Kazhinji, kurongeka kwepombi yesimbi isina musono yakadzikira: kukora kwemadziro asina kuenzana, kupenya kwakaderera kwepasi mukati nekunze kwepombi, mutengo wakakwira, uye kune makomba nemavara matema pamusoro mukati nekunze kwepombi, izvo zvakaoma Bvisa;Chechitatu, kuonekwa kwayo uye kuumbwa kwayo kunofanira kugadziriswa pasina Indaneti.Naizvozvo, ine zvayakanakira mukumanikidza kwakanyanya, kusimba kwepamusoro uye michina yekugadzira zvinhu.

    3,Welded simbi pombi

    304 simbi isina tsvina yekushongedza chubhu

    304 simbi isina tsvina yekushongedza chubhu

    Welded simbi pombi, inodaidzwa kuti welded pombi kwenguva pfupi, ipombi yesimbi isina tsvina yakakandwa kubva mundiro yesimbi kana tambo yesimbi mushure mekushomerwa nekuumbwa nemuchina wakaiswa uye mold.

    1. Simbi ndiro> Kupatsanura> Kugadzira> Fusion welding> Induction inopenya kupisa kurapwa>Mukati nekunze weld bead kurapwa>Shaping>Sizing>Eddy ikozvino kuyedza>Laser dhayamita kuyerwa>Pickling>Warehousing

    2. Zvinoumba welded simbi pombi:

    Izvo hazvina kuoma kuona kubva pamusoro pekuita kuyerera: kutanga, chigadzirwa chinogadzirwa chinoramba chiripo uye online.Iko kukora kwemadziro, ndiko kuwedzera kwekudyara muyuniti nemidziyo yewelding, uye kushomeka kwehupfumi uye kunoshanda.Iyo yakatetepa madziro, iyo yakaderera yayo yekupinza-yekubuda reshiyo ichave;Chechipiri, maitiro echigadzirwa anotarisa zvakanakira uye zvazvakaipira.Kazhinji, pombi yesimbi yakashongedzwa ine hutsanana hwepamusoro, ukobvu hwemadziro hwakafanana, kupenya kwepamusoro kwemukati nekunze kwepombi yesimbi isina tsvina (iyo pombi yesimbi inopenya inotarwa negiredhi repamusoro rendiro yesimbi), uye inogona kuve yakasarudzika saizi.Naizvozvo, inomiririra hupfumi hwayo uye runako mukushandiswa kweiyo yakakwirira-chaiyo, yepakati-yakaderera pressure fluid.

     

    Pane chlorine ion munzvimbo yekushandisa.Maion eklorini aripo kwakawanda, akadai semunyu, dikita, mvura yegungwa, mhepo yegungwa, ivhu, nezvimwewo. Simbi isina tsvina inoora nokukurumidza kana paine maion echloride, kunyange kudarika simbi yakaderera-kabhoni.Nokudaro, pane zvinodiwa zvekushandiswa kwezvakatipoteredza zvesimbi isina tsvina, uye zvakakosha kuipukuta nguva dzose kubvisa guruva uye kuichengeta yakachena uye yakaoma.

    316 uye 317 Stainless steels (ona pazasi pezvivakwa zve317 Stainless steels) imolybdenum ine simbi isina tsvina.Iyo molybdenum iri mu317 simbi isina tsvina yakakwira zvishoma pane iyo mu316 simbi isina tsvina.Nekuda kwe molybdenum musimbi, kuita kwese kwesimbi iyi kuri nani pane 310 uye 304 simbi isina tsvina.Pasi pemamiriro ekupisa kwepamusoro, apo sulfuric acid yakaderera pane 15% uye yakakwirira kudarika 85%, 316 simbi isina tsvina ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa.316 simbi isina tsvina zvakare ine yakanaka chloride corrosion resistance, saka inowanzo shandiswa munzvimbo dzemugungwa.Nekuvandudzwa kwehupfumi hwevanhu, kushandiswa kwepombi yesimbi isina tsvina kwave kuchiwedzera kufarirwa.Ichaunza shanduko itsva muminda yese.

  • 316 pombi yesimbi isina tsvina

    316 pombi yesimbi isina tsvina

    Simbi dzinoshandiswa petroleum, makemikari, zvekurapa, chikafu uye chiedza indasitiri

    316 Stainless simbi pombi imhando yesimbi refu yakatenderedzwa simbi, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumafuta, makemikari, ekurapa, chikafu, indasitiri yemwenje, michina yezviridzwa uye mamwe maindasitiri ekutapurirana mapaipi uye mekiniki zvimiro zvemukati.Uye zvakare, kana iko kupeta uye torsional simba zvakafanana, huremu hwakareruka, saka hunoshandiswawo zvakanyanya kugadzira mekiniki zvikamu uye zvimiro zveinjiniya.Inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira zvombo zvakasiyana-siyana, mbiya, mabhomba, nezvimwe.

    Iyo yakanyanya kabhoni yemukati ye316 Stainless simbi pombi ndeye 0.03, iyo inogona kushandiswa mumaapplication uko annealing isingabvumirwe mushure mewelding uye yakanyanya kuomarara kuramba inodiwa.

    316 uye 317 Stainless steels (ona pazasi pezvivakwa zve317 Stainless steels) imolybdenum ine simbi isina tsvina.

    Kuita kwese kwesimbi iyi kuri nani pane 310 uye 304 simbi isina tsvina.Pakupisa kwepamusoro, kana huwandu hwe sulfuric acid huri pasi pe15% uye yakakwirira kudarika 85%, 316 simbi isina tsvina ine zvakawanda zvekushandisa.

    316 Stainless simbi ndiro, inozivikanwawo se 00Cr17Ni14Mo2, corrosion resistance:

    Kupokana necorrosion kuri nani pane 304 simbi isina tsvina, uye ine yakanaka yekurasa kuramba mukugadzirwa kwe pulp nebepa.

    Iyo carbide precipitation resistance ye316 Stainless simbi iri nani pane iya ye304 Stainless simbi, uye tembiricha iri pamusoro inogona kushandiswa.

     Mhando: 316 Stainless simbi machubhu, 316 Stainless simbi inopenya machubhu, 316 Stainless simbi yekushongedza machubhu, 316 Stainless simbi capillary chubhu, 316 Stainless steel welded chubhu, 304 Stainless simbi machubhu.

    Iyo yakanyanya kabhoni yemukati ye316L Stainless simbi pombi ndeye 0.03, iyo inogona kushandiswa mumashandisirwo apo annealing isingabvumirwe mushure mewelding uye yakanyanya kuomarara kuramba inodiwa.

    5 Corrosion resistance

    11 316 simbi isina tsvina haigoni kuomeswa nekupisa.

    12 Welding

    13 Yakajairika mashandisirwo: midziyo ye pulp nekugadzira mapepa, kupisa kupisa, dhayi midziyo, firimu kugadzira michina, mapaipi, zvinhu zvekunze kwezvivakwa munzvimbo dzemahombekombe.

  • 304 pombi yesimbi isina tsvina

    304 pombi yesimbi isina tsvina

    Kusimba kwegoho (N/mm2)205

    Kusimba simba520

    Elongation (%)40

    Kuoma HB187 HRB90 HV200

    Density 7.93 g· cm-3

    Kupisa chaiko c (20) 0.502 J· (g · C) - 1

    Thermal conductivityλ/ W (m· ℃) - 1 (pakutevera tembiricha/)

    20 100 500 12.1 16.3 21.4

    Coefficient yekuwedzera kwemutsaraα/ (10-6/) (pakati pe tembiricha inotevera/)

    2010020200 20300 20400

    16.0 16.8 17.5 18.1

    Resistivity 0.73Ω ·mm2· m-1

    Kunyungudika 1398 ~ 1420

     Sesimbi isina tsvina uye inodzivirira kupisa, 304 simbi pombi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa midziyo yechikafu, zvakajairika makemikari midziyo uye atomu simba indasitiri.

    304 simbi pombi imhando yepasirese Stainless simbi pombi, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzira midziyo uye zvikamu zvinoda kuita kwakanaka kwakazara (kupokana uye kuumbwa).

    304 simbi pombi ine yakanakisa ngura uye ngura kuramba uye yakanaka intergranular corrosion kuramba.

    304 simbi pombi zvinhu zvine simba corrosion kuramba mu nitric asidhi pazasi kufashaira tembiricha pamwe concentration65%.Iyo zvakare ine yakanaka corrosion kuramba kune alkali mhinduro uye yakawanda organic uye inorganic acids.Imhando yesimbi yakakwira alloy iyo inogona kuramba corrosion mumhepo kana mumakemikari corrosion medium.Stainless simbi imhando yesimbi ine yakanakisa pamusoro uye yakanaka inodzivirira ngura.Izvo hazvidi kurapwa pamusoro senge color plating, asi inopa kutamba kwakazara kune yekuzvarwa pamusoro zvimiro zvesimbi isina tsvina.Inoshandiswa mune zvakawanda zvesimbi, inowanzonzi simbi isina tsvina.High alloy simbi dzakadai 13 chromium simbi uye 18-8 chromium-nickel simbi inomiririra zvivakwa.

    Sesimbi isina tsvina uye inodzivirira kupisa, 304 simbi pombi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa midziyo yechikafu, zvakajairika makemikari midziyo uye atomu simba indasitiri.

  • 201 pombi yesimbi isina tsvina

    201 pombi yesimbi isina tsvina

     

    Kumaka nzira

     

    201 simbi isina tsvina pombi - S20100 (AISI. ASTM)

     

    American Iron uye Steel Institute inoshandisa manhamba matatu kumaka akasiyana akajairwa giredhi anogadzika simbi isina tsvina.Kusanganisira:

     

    Austenitic Stainless simbi yakanyorwa ne200 uye 300 akatevedzana manhamba;

     

    Ferritic uye martensitic simbi isina tsvina inomiririrwa ne400 akatevedzana manhamba.

     

    Semuyenzaniso, mamwe akajairika austenitic Stainless simbi akanyorwa 201, 304, 316 uye 310, ferritic Stainless simbi akaiswa 430 uye 446, martensitic Stainless simbi inocherechedzwa 410, 420 uye 440C, uye duplenitic stainferristicx (austenic). , kunaya kwemvura kunoomesa simbi dzisina tsvina, uye alloys akakwirira ane simbi isingasviki 50% kazhinji ane patented kana trademarked.

     

     

     

    Chinangwa kuita

     

    201 simbi isina simbi chubhu ine hunhu hwekuramba asidhi, alkali kuramba, kusimba kwepamusoro uye hakuna pinhole.Inoshandiswa kugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando yepamusoro senge kesi uye yepasi chivharo chebhendi rewachi.201 pombi yesimbi isina tsvina inogona kunyanya kushandiswa mukushongedza pombi, pombi yeindasitiri uye zvimwe zvisina kudzika zvakatambanudzwa zvigadzirwa.Zvenyama zvimiro zve 201 Stainless simbi pombi

     

    1. Elongation: 60 kusvika 80%

     

    2. Kuoma kwesimba: 100000 kusvika 180000 psi

     

    3. Elastic modulus: 29000000 psi

     

    4. Kuoma kwegoho: 50000 kusvika 150000 psi

     

    A.Round simbi kugadzirira;B. Kupisa;C. Kupisa kwakakungurutswa;D. Kucheka musoro;E. Pickling;F. Kukuya;G. Lubrication;H. Cold rolling;I. Degreasing;J. Solution kupisa kurapwa;K. Kururamisa;L. Kucheka kwepombi;M. Pickling;N. Yakapedzwa kuongororwa kwechigadzirwa.